Idea Solution: Such moments also come in ups and downs of life when we totally lose our hopes. We feel limited and sometimes trapped. We want to get ride of this kind of situations as quickly as we can, but it’s never quite that simple unfortunately. Our attitude toward our set back never let us to be a part of any positive and healthy life. The thing that determines our success is our attitude. Whereas the opportunities can just create a path for us to follow and materialize our dream of success. Our positive attitude can make our life easy as compare to a negative attitude. We are limited less by opportunities than by attitude. Opportunities and chances are momentary. On the other hands, positive attitude enhances our life and rebuilds the opportunities bigger than before. The opportunities go hand in hand with attitude. With a positive attitude, we can face any kind of problem with a happy face. That is why we are limited more by attitude than by opportunities.

@zareen said in CS603 GDB 1 Solution and Discussion: Suppose you are working as a team lead in the software house and a task is assigned to you. The task is to develop two different software applications. One of them is a large-scale industrial software application and the other is small scale software application. As a team lead, you have to decide a development model for this task. Will you use the same development model for both the software applications or use different models for them? Discuss your solution with solid reasoning. ​ A software project manager is the most important person inside a team who takes the overall responsibilities to manage the software projects and play an important role in the successful completion of the projects. A project manager has to face many difficult situations to accomplish these works. In fact, the job responsibilities of a project manager range from invisible activities like building up team morale to highly visible customer presentations. Most of the managers take responsibility for writing the project proposal, project cost estimation, scheduling, project staffing, software process tailoring, project monitoring and control, software configuration management, risk management, managerial report writing and presentation and interfacing with clients. The task of a project manager are classified into two major types: Project planning Project monitoring and control Project planning Project planning is undertaken immediately after the feasibility study phase and before the starting of the requirement analysis and specification phase. Once a project has been found to be feasible, Software project managers started project planning. Project planning is completed before any development phase starts. Project planning involves estimating several characteristics of a project and then plan the project activities based on these estimations. Project planning is done with most care and attention. A wrong estimation can result in schedule slippage. Schedule delay can cause customer dissatisfaction, which may lead to a project failure. For effective project planning, in addition to a very good knowledge of various estimation techniques, past experience is also very important. During the project planning the project manager performs the following activities: Project Estimation: Project Size Estimation is the most important parameter based on which all other estimations like cost, duration and effort are made. Cost Estimation: Total expenses to develop the software product is estimated. Time Estimation: The total time required to complete the project. Effort Estimation: The effort needed to complete the project is estimated. The effectiveness of all later planning activities is dependent on the accuracy of these three estimations. Scheduling: After completion of estimation of all the project parameters, scheduling for manpower and other resources are done. Staffing: Team structure and staffing plans are made. Risk Management: The project manager should identify the unanticipated risks that may occur during project development risk, analysis the damage might cause these risks and take risk reduction plan to cope up with these risks. Miscellaneous plans: This includes making several other plans such as quality assurance plan, configuration management plan, etc. The order in which the planning activities are undertaken is shown in the below figure: [center][image: wWPkYqP.png] Project monitoring and control[/center] Project monitoring and control activities are undertaken once the development activities start. The main focus of project monitoring and control activities is to ensure that the software development proceeds as per plan. This includes checking whether the project is going on as per plan or not if any problem created then the project manager must take necessary action to solve the problem. Role of a software project manager: There are many roles of a project manager in the development of software. Lead the team: The project manager must be a good leader who makes a team of different members of various skills and can complete their individual task. Motivate the team-member: One of the key roles of a software project manager is to encourage team member to work properly for the successful completion of the project. Tracking the progress: The project manager should keep an eye on the progress of the project. A project manager must track whether the project is going as per plan or not. If any problem arises, then take necessary action to solve the problem. Moreover, check whether the product is developed by maintaining correct coding standards or not. Liaison: Project manager is the link between the development team and the customer. Project manager analysis the customer requirements and convey it to the development team and keep telling the progress of the project to the customer. Moreover, the project manager checks whether the project is fulfilling the customer requirements or not. Documenting project report: The project manager prepares the documentation of the project for future purpose. The reports contain detailed features of the product and various techniques. These reports help to maintain and enhance the quality of the project in the future. Necessary skills of software project manager: A good theoretical knowledge of various project management technique is needed to become a successful project manager, but only theoretical knowledge is not enough. Moreover, a project manager must have good decision-making abilities, good communication skills and the ability to control the team members with keeping a good rapport with them and the ability to get the work done by them. Some skills such as tracking and controlling the progress of the project, customer interaction, good knowledge of estimation techniques and previous experience are needed. Skills that are the most important to become a successful project manager are given below: Knowledge of project estimation techniques Good decision-making abilities at the right time Previous experience of managing a similar type of projects Good communication skill to meet the customer satisfaction A project manager must encourage all the team members to successfully develop the product He must know the various type of risks that may occur and the solution for these problems Source

In the Protocol ‘modern biotechnology’ is referred to as the application of fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family (called ‘in vitro nucleic acid’ techniques) that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. The term Living modified organism (LMO) is defined as the processing of any material that is of LMO origin, containing detectable novel combinations of replicable genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology (for instance, flour from genetically modified maize). The LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing are agricultural commodities from genetically modified crops (http://www.gmo-free-regions.org/glossary.html Accessed 26.11.16.). Although the Protocol did not use the term genetically modified organism, the LMO is almost equivalent to the GMO, which is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism). A more popular name of the GMO is ‘transgenic organism’

Solution: Name Activity or Definition Lesser amount of the funds required At the time of initiation of project Maximum funds required Middle of the project, Bulk of the activity developed, Defined in phased Placed in life cycle Lesser amount of the funds required At the time of near to complete the project, Unique in Nature, Required limited time scale, Have special purpose Project Lahore to Islamabad motorway Project Overhead bridge Project Underpass to link Road A to Road B Project Control Traffic flow in Lahore Program Design to achieve a strategic business objective Program Provision of faster, save, secure and international traffic facility in Pakistan

Solution Idea: Organization’s concepts and principles Answer 1. You can have small, middle and big organizations and people are managing by… 9 2. Whether, you have skilled people, unskilled people, top bureaucratic people, stakeholders and sponsors. There are all divide into corner areas. 8 3. Feedback comes from… 6 4. Organized collection of parts that are highly in order to accomplish an overall goal. 4 5. Different department as per their TOR, assignment and co-area of responsibility required to coordinate (integrate) through…. 5 6. Organizations primarily bit around the people. People behave as per the procedures, systems and guidelines. 7 7. Resources such as people, technologies, technical related knowledge and cash. 4 8. People, department or any other entities do not perform its functions properly and timely. 3 9. Product, services and by products (enhancement to skills and facilities) 2 10. It is natural and logical that team has learned something additional by doing that project and they enhanced overall skill and similar project can be done in much more professional way. 1

@zareen said in ENG509 Assignment 2 Solution and Discussion: Q2. While analyzing a sentence, we should try to identify and isolate as many phrases as we can. These phrases or constituents fall into various grammatical categories and therefore they are named after their relevant grammatical class. Read and listen to topics 153-161 and write down the different types of phrases discussed in your course. Also, provide one example against each phrase. (5*2=10 Marks) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTivdanD3dQ&list=PLYxrIScRo55l9bhKQfm7RLAcUEZ9tQbh_

Solution of Graded Activity for Pre Mid Lecture # 9 Q1: What will be cost of equity if a company has paid a dividend of Rs. 4 at constant growth rate of 4% while stock’s current price is Rs. 60? ke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g Where D1 (Expected div.)= D0 (1+g) ke = (4*1.04/60)+0.04 ke = 0.0693 + 0.04 ke = 0.1093 or 10.93% Lecture # 12 Q2: Output level is 8,000 units with variable cost of Rs. 6 per unit and total fixed cost Rs. 60,000. If sale price is Rs. 9 per unit then what will be the profit / loss? Total cost = Total FC + Total VC Total cost = 60,000 + (6*8,000) Total cost = 60,000 + 48,000 = Rs. 108,000 Total revenue = Sale price * Output level Total revenue = 9 * 8,000 = Rs. 72,000 Profit / loss = Total revenue – total cost = 72,000 – 108,000 = Rs. -36,000 There is a loss of Rs. 36,000 Lecture # 14 Q3. Suppose a portfolio consists of three projects A, B & C where each project requires an initial investment of Rs. 65,000. If present value of cash flows of projects A, B & C is Rs. 80,000, Rs. 73,000 and Rs. 82,000 then what will be ranking of each project based upon profitability index criterion? Projects Initial Investment (Rs.) PV of cash flows (Rs.) PI = (PV/Initial Investment) Ranking A 65,000 80,000 1.23 2 B 65,000 73,000 1.12 3 C 65,000 82,000 1.26 1 Lecture # 15 Q4: There are two states of economy, Boom & Recession. Probability of occurrence of Boom is 45% while Recession is 55%. Suppose stock A expected return in Boom (state of economy) is 12% while in Recession is 7%. Stock B expected return in Boom (state of economy) is 20% while in Recession is 3%. If an investor invests 70% in stock A and 30% in stock B then what is the total expected return of the portfolio? Total Expected return (Stock A) = 0.120.45 + 0.070.55 Total Expected return (Stock A) = 5.4% + 3.85% = 9.25% Total Expected return (Stock B) = 0.200.45 + 0.030.55 Total Expected return (Stock B) = 9% + 1.65% = 10.65% Total Expected Return (portfolio) = 0.70 * 0.0925 + 0.30*0.1065 Total Expected Return (portfolio) = 0.06475 + 0.03195 = 0.0967 or 9.67% Lecture # 18: Q5: A capital structure consists of 10% preferred stock, 55% common equity and 40% debt. Company’s preferred stock is currently selling for Rs. 55 per share and paying dividend of Rs. 4. If cost of common equity is 15% and after tax cost of debt is 6% then what will be WACC? Cost of preferred stock (Kps) = D / P Kps = 4/55 = 7.27% WACC=Wce * Kce + Wps * Kps + Wd Kd (1-T) WACC= 0.550.15 + 0.100.0727+ 0.400.06 WACC= 0.0825 + 0.00727+ 0.024 = 0.1138 or 11.38% Note: A solution with weightage of 5% of preferred stock will also be considered correct WACC=Wce * Kce + Wps * Kps + Wd Kd (1-T) WACC= 0.550.15 + 0.0.050.0727+ 0.40*0.06 WACC= 0.0825 + 0.003635+ 0.024 = 0.1101 or 11.01%